ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between institutional violence in obstetrics and postpartum depression (PP depression) and the potential effect of race, age, and educational level in this outcome. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study about the health care conditions for the maternal and child population of the Federal District, Brazil, carried out in 2011. The study has used a probabilistic sample of 432 women, whose children were aged up to three months, stratified by clusters. Indicators of institutional violence and demographic characteristics have been used in a logistic regression model to estimate the probability of occurrence of postpartum depression. RESULTS The model has identified a high prevalence of postpartum depression, being it higher among non-white women and adolescent females, besides having a strong positive association between the several indicators of obstetric violence and postpartum depression. Positive interactions on a multiplicative scale have also been observed between: violence by negligence by health care professionals and race and age; physical violence from health care professionals and age; and, verbal violence from health care professionals and race. CONCLUSIONS The indicators adopted to reflect institutional violence in obstetric care are positively associated with postpartum depression, which calls for a reflection on the need to make the health care protocols adequate to the precepts of the Brazilian humanization of childbirth care policies and changes in the obstetric care model.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between institutional violence in obstetrics and postpartum depression (PP depression) and the potential effect of race, age, and educational level in this outcome. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study about the health care conditions for the maternal and child population of the Federal District, Brazil, carried out in 2011. The study has used a probabilistic sample of 432 women, whose children were aged up to three months, stratified by clusters. Indicators of institutional violence and demographic characteristics have been used in a logistic regression model to estimate the probability of occurrence of postpartum depression. RESULTS The model has identified a high prevalence of postpartum depression, being it higher among non-white women and adolescent females, besides having a strong positive association between the several indicators of obstetric violence and postpartum depression. Positive interactions on a multiplicative scale have also been observed between: violence by negligence by health care professionals and race and age; physical violence from health care professionals and age; and, verbal violence from health care professionals and race. CONCLUSIONS The indicators adopted to reflect institutional violence in obstetric care are positively associated with postpartum depression, which calls for a reflection on the need to make the health care protocols adequate to the precepts of the Brazilian humanization of childbirth care policies and changes in the obstetric care model.

Resumo: Investiga-se se crises de segurança do alimento deslocam para baixo as demandas por carne bovina, suína e de frango no Brasil. Constroem-se três séries de índices de crises de segurança do alimento, um para cada tipo de carne, somando-se o total de notícias na Folha de São Paulo que atenderam a critérios predefinidos de busca. Utilizam-se estas três séries, os preços das carnes e de um bem composto e o gasto per capita com consumo como variáveis explicativas em seis especificações alternativas de um sistema de quatro equações de demanda. Seleciona-se a melhor especificação do modelo por meio de testes ajustados de razão de verossimilhança. Testes com o modelo selecionado não rejeitam a hipótese de que as demandas não são afetadas por crises de segurança do alimento. Conclui-se que se deslocamentos da demanda para baixo em reação a crises de segurança do alimento criam incentivos para que as empresas adotem medidas para produzir um alimento mais seguro, tais incentivos não existem nos setores de carnes no Brasil. Assim, reforça-se a importância e necessidade de um sistema público ativo para regulamentar e estabelecer padrões de segurança da carne no Brasil.

Abstract: We investigate whether food safety crises affect the demands for beef, pork and chicken in Brazil. We construct series of food safety crisis indices for each meat (beef, pork and chicken) based on the total number of news in 'Folha de São Paulo' newspaper fitting predefined search criteria. We use those series, the retail prices of each type of meat, the price of a composite good and per capita expenditure on consumption as explanatory variables in six specifications of a four-equation demand system. We select the preferred specification of the models based on adjusted likelihood ratio tests. Based on the preferred model specification we do not reject the hypothesis by which food safety crisis do not affect the demand for meat in Brazil. We conclude that if the shifts down in the demand in response to food safety crises create incentives for companies to adopt measures to produce safer food, such incentives do not exist in the meat sector in Brazil. This reinforces the importance and necessity of an active public system to regulate and establish standards for meat safety in Brazil.

A modificação estrutural do solo provocada pela sua compactação é fator limitante ao crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar, em um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico no município de Jaboticabal, SP, os parâmetros físicos do solo como a estabilidade de agregados, a condutividade hidráulica e o índice "S". O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com parcelas subdivididas (quatro níveis de compactação e duas profundidades), com quatro repetições e uma área de mata nativa (MN) como testemunha. Os tratamentos de compactação foram: C0= 0; C1= 2; C2= 4; e C3= 6 passadas de um trator de 11 Mg. Verificou-se que a MN apresentou elevada relação aos índices diâmetro médio geométrico (DMG) e diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP), que constaram agregados maiores e mais estáveis em comparação aos demais tratamentos estudados. Foi obtido o valor de "S" de 0,036 e redução nos níveis mais compactados para 0,026, visto que a compactação reduziu o valor de "S", que atingiu o valor limitante (< 0,035), apesar da mineralogia oxídica do solo analisado.

The structure change caused by soil compaction is a limiting factor to growth and development of plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical parameters of an Eutrophic Oxisol in Jaboticabal, SP. Aggregate stability, hydraulic conductivity and "S" index were evaluated in a completely randomized split-plot (four levels of compaction and two depth), with four replications and an area of native forest (NF) as control. The compaction treatments consisted of C0 = 0, C1 = 2, C2= 4 and C3 = 6 tractor passed of 11 Mg. It was observed that NF had high rates compared to GMD (geometric mean diameter) and WMD (weighted mean diameter) with larger and more stable aggregates compared to other treatments. The "S" value of 0,036 and a reduction in the most compacted levels to 0,026 were obtained, since the compaction reduced the value of "S", which reached its limiting value (< 0,035) despite the oxidic mineralogy of the analyzed soil.

Manter uma boa qualidade física do solo é importante para preservar o meio ambiente, além de maximizar a produtividade das plantas. Um solo compactado poderá interferir na densidade, na porosidade e na resistência do solo à penetração, influenciando no crescimento radicular. A presente pesquisa objetivou avaliar a qualidade física de um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico, textura argilosa, com a cultivar de soja CAC-1, submetido a quatro níveis de compactação e três níveis de irrigação, utilizando os atributos físicos do solo, assim como a correlação do sistema radicular com a produtividade da cultura. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Os níveis de compactação foram: C0 = 0, C2 = 2, C4 = 4 e C6 = 6 passadas, no mesmo local, de um trator de 11 t. Foram coletadas amostras indeformadas de solo nas entrelinhas da cultura da soja, para determinação dos atributos físicos, nas camadas de 0-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m. A produtividade máxima da soja foi obtida com a resistência do solo à penetração de 0,71 MPa. O sistema radicular correlacionou-se inversamente com a produtividade da soja.

The maintenance of a good soil physical quality is essential to preserve the environment and maximize crop yields. A compacted soil can affect soil density, porosity and penetration resistance, influencing root growth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical quality of an Oxisol, clay texture, with the soybean cultivar CAC-1, at four compaction and three irrigation levels, using the soil physical properties, as well as the relationship of root system with the crop yield. The experiment had a randomized block design, with split plots and four replications. The compaction levels were: C0 = 0, C2 = 2, C4 = 4, C6 = 6 passes of a tractor weighing 11 tons, at the same place. Undisturbed soil was sampled between the soybean rows, to determine the physical properties (layers 0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m). Soybean yields were highest at a soil penetration resistance of 0.71 Mpa. Root growth was inhibited by increased soil compaction.